Guests

• Xue Lan, Dean of the International Governance Research Institute of Tsinghua University
• Tang Shiqi, Dean of the School of International Relations at Peking University
• Song Guoyou, Professor at Fudan University’s Institute of International Studies

Moderator

• Wu Hao, Editor

Introduction

The world is undergoing significant changes, with artificial intelligence (AI) emerging as a strategic technology driving a new round of technological and industrial revolutions. While AI is transforming human production and lifestyles, it also poses risks that have garnered widespread attention. The international community faces the challenge of enhancing global governance for AI. President Xi Jinping emphasized the need to prioritize human-centered and benevolent AI development, strengthen AI governance rules within the UN framework, and promote green transitions, enabling developing countries to better integrate into the digital, intelligent, and green trends.

This discussion invites experts to explore how to improve global governance for AI.

Characteristics and Challenges of Global AI Governance

Moderator:

In 2025, President Xi proposed a global governance initiative aimed at building a more just and equitable global governance system. How does AI governance differ from more mature global governance issues like trade and climate change?

Xue Lan:

President Xi noted that the global governance initiative aims to promote a fairer governance system. The characteristics of AI governance stem from the rapid iteration of AI technology and its extensive impact, leaving the international community unprepared in thought and action. Unlike mature governance topics, AI governance faces complexities due to geopolitical risks and competition among major powers. Some countries are building barriers in technology development and data sharing, undermining global cooperation in research and industry. This competitive environment weakens the trust necessary for collaborative governance.

Tang Shiqi:

AI’s rapid development and inherent uncertainties present two main characteristics for governance. First, AI is not only a subject of decision-making but also participates in it. Decision-makers increasingly rely on AI for information, which raises concerns about the authenticity and objectivity of the data provided. Second, the governance objects—computing power, algorithms, data, and models—are fluid and virtual, making it difficult to establish clear governance anchors.

Song Guoyou:

Compared to mature governance issues, AI governance has three notable characteristics: 1) Uneven impact across nations; 2) Unpredictable governance pathways due to AI’s early development stage; 3) High sensitivity to technological competition, leading to a lack of cooperation and mutual benefit.

Challenges in Establishing AI Governance

Moderator:

China advocates for a community with a shared future and proposes the Global AI Governance Initiative. What challenges does the collaborative establishment of an AI governance system face?

Xue Lan:

First, there is a lack of consensus on key issues in AI governance, such as recognizing potential risks and balancing innovation with risk prevention. Second, the rapid development of AI often outpaces the establishment of governance rules, creating a persistent lag. Third, while there are many governance mechanisms, they often lack coordination, leading to a complex and inefficient regulatory environment.

Tang Shiqi:

The rise of technological nationalism complicates international cooperation, as countries prioritize their own security over global public interests. Disparities in data regulation and oversight further hinder the establishment of a cohesive governance system.

Song Guoyou:

From the perspective of collaborative stakeholders, three challenges arise: 1) Unilateralism and protectionism hinder cooperation; 2) Some countries lack urgency in participating due to underdeveloped AI capabilities; 3) Private sectors are wary of government-led governance initiatives.

Principles for AI Governance

Moderator:

Given the imbalance in AI governance, what principles should be promoted globally to align technological development with governance effectiveness?

Xue Lan:

First, a human-centered development approach must be upheld, ensuring that AI serves humanity. Second, governance should be based on equal dialogue, allowing all countries to participate in rule-making. Third, action-oriented governance paths should be established to promote inclusive development. Lastly, a collaborative risk prevention system must be built, treating AI safety as a global public good.

Tang Shiqi:

We must maintain a human-centered approach, promote mutual benefit, and foster open trust in AI governance. Balancing national security, economic competition, and openness is crucial.

Song Guoyou:

AI governance should emphasize open, inclusive, equitable, and secure principles to ensure that AI benefits all humanity and addresses potential risks.

Establishing a Collaborative AI Governance Framework

Moderator:

China will host the 2025 World AI Conference and propose an AI Global Governance Action Plan. How can international cooperation transcend geopolitical barriers?

Xue Lan:

Support for the UN’s leading role is essential, along with encouraging various bilateral and multilateral dialogue mechanisms. Establishing an AI risk assessment system through international cooperation is also vital.

Song Guoyou:

Cooperation on significant AI issues, practical collaboration within existing multilateral frameworks, and encouraging private sector partnerships can help bridge geopolitical divides and enhance trust.

Ensuring Participation of Global South Countries

Moderator:

How can we ensure that global South countries participate equally in AI governance?

Xue Lan:

Addressing educational and technological gaps is crucial for empowering global South countries. Enhancing their governance capabilities will enable them to benefit from AI advancements.

Tang Shiqi:

Three levels can promote equal participation: 1) Technological collaboration on global public goods; 2) Fair representation in rule-making; 3) Incorporating cultural values into AI systems to avoid creating dependency.

Song Guoyou:

Global South countries must actively build their capabilities and mechanisms to address structural asymmetries in AI governance, focusing on education and infrastructure development.